Further systematic study of brain activity during high versus low memory load conditions of music and other cognitive tasks is needed to illuminate the neural bases of enhanced working memory ability in musicians as compared to non-musicians. MEG can be used to examine musical cognition and the neural consequences of music training. In coherence analyses and neural synchrony analyses, several similarities were seen across calculation tasks however, latency analyses were sensitive to differences in task complexity across the calculation tasks due to the high temporal resolution of MEG. In the more difficult calculation condition, right temporal regions were highly active. Multiple frontal lobe regions were highly active across tasks, including the left medial frontal area during both transposing and calculation tasks but the right medial frontal area only during calculations. Right motor and premotor regions were highly active in the more difficult condition of the transposing task. Frontal-occipital connections were highly active during transposing, but not during math calculations.
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) was sensitive to differences of task and working memory load. We compared brain activity during high and low working memory load conditions of musical transposing versus math calculations in classically trained musicians. Because musical transposing involves mental adjustment of notes up or down by a specific amount, it may share cognitive elements with arithmetical operations of addition and subtraction. Musical transposing is highly demanding of working memory, as it involves mentally converting notes from one musical key (i.e., pitch scale) to another key for singing or instrumental performance.
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